llBDAliY 


SHAW 


CHINOOK 

DlCllOK'ARY 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/chinookdictionarOOshawrich 


/ifcauA) ,  ^i^jyf  (mbujXo 


"CHIIIOOK     DIGTIOKAHY" 


Briefed  by  A.   H.   Hodgson 

from 

Shax7 '  s 

"The  Chinook  Jargon  and  How  to  Use  It" 

Seattle,  1909. 


.11 


t  •  .  ,.' 


CHIHOOK  JARGOl!  701::^^  a!':.  :AiII.^I...?IOII:^  •    ^'^ 
f?or  reference  purvoses  by  r^orest  Officers). 


Chinook  Jargon  words  have  been  used  extensively  in 
the  Northwest  for  naming  topographic  features  as  v/ell  as  a 
n":mber  of  towns  and  counties.    Such  words  are  so  common  on 
National  Forest  maps  that  we  believe  a  translation  of  them  ./ill 
be  of  interest  to  Forest  officers  and  to  others  who  use  the 
maps.   A  number  of  Chinook  Jargon  dictionaries  have  been 
written,  but  these  do  not  always  agree.   As  one  writer  states 


"The  jargon  is 
There  are  no  hard 


essentially  a  spoken  and  not  a  written  tongue. 
rd  and  fast  rules  for  the  spelling  of  words." 


"The  Chinook  Jargon  and  How  to  Use  It"  by  George  C. 
Shaw  covers  the  subject  probably  as  well,  if  not  better,  than 
any  other  publication,  and  the  following  translations  have  been 
taken  from  it. 

In  some  words  decisions  of  the  U.  S.  Geographic  Board 
have  disagreed  with  3haw.    In  such  cases  the  U.  3.  Geographic 
Board  spelling  follows  Shaw's  word  in  j^arenthesis.   There  are 
also  some  Post  Offices  v/hose  naiiies  are  spelled  differently. 
These  also  are  shown  in  parentliesis  in  the  follov/ing  lists: 


Ab-ba,   (?)  well  then 
Ad-dedah,   fs)  exclamation  of 

pain,  sorrow,  surprise. 
Ah-ha,   (C),  yes. 
Ahnkuttie,  formerly;  ago. 
Al- ah,   (J),  expression  of  surprise. 
A'-ki,  soon.   (by  and  by) 
Alba,  now. 

A-mo-ta,   (C),  strawberry, 
An-a  h,   (j)  exclamation  of  pain 

or  displeasure;  ahi  ohl 

f  iei 
Ats,   (C),  a  sister  younger  than 

the  speaker. 
A-yah-whul,   (s),  to  lend;  to 
borrow. 


Be-be   (P),  a  kiss;  to  kiss 
Bit,   (B)  a  dime,  or  shilling. 
Bur-dash,   (Canadian  ?),  an 

hermaphrodite . 
By-by,  by-and-';y. 


C 
Cal-li-peen,  TP),  a  rifle. 
(Camas)  an  edible  root. 

(?.0.) 
Canim,  canoe. 
Capo,  coat. 
Chak-ohak,   (C),  the  bald 

eagle. 
Chako,  to  come, 
Chee,  lately. 
Chet-lo,   (s),  oyster. 
Chet-woot,   (3),  black  bear. 
(Chitwood)  }.v. 
metal;  money; 
wagon. 

,  or  Tsil-tsil . 
buttons;  the 
stars. 
Chinook,  see  (Chinook  Indiant? ) 
Chitsh,  grandfather. 
Chope,  grandmother. 
Cho-tub,  (^)    flea. 
Chuck,  water. 
Chuk-kin,   (o),  to  kick. 
Cly,  to  cry. 


Chikamin, 
Chikchik, 
Chil-chil, 
(C 


.'.  fc. • 


'.  fit  ■ 


,1  .•• 


.  I  0 


Cole,  cold;  winter;  year 

Cooley,  to  run. 

Coop-coop,    (C),    small   dentalium, 

or  shell  money, 
Cosho,    hog. 

Cou-lee,    (?),    a  valley. 
'  Court,    court. 
Cultus,    worthless;    nothing. 


Delate,    straight;    direct;    true. 
Dly,    dry. 
Doctin,    doctor. 


E 


Ee-na,   (C),  beaver. 
Sk-kah-nam,  fC),  tale;  story. 
Ek-ko-li,  fC),  whale.   fScola)  V.O 
Ek-keh,  (C),  hrother-in-law. 
S-la-han,  (S),  aid;  assistance; 

alms, 
Elip,  first;  before. 
E-lite  fC) ,  a  slave. 
Enati,  across. 
E-salth,  or  Ye-salth,  (7/asco.  ) 

Indian  corn;  maize. 
Eyeh,  (W),  yes. 


H 


Hahlakl,    wide ;    open. 

Haht-haht,    (3),.   the  mallard  duck. 

Halo,    not;    none. 

Heehee,  to  laugh;  laughter 

Hoh-hoh,  fj),  to  cough. 

Ho-ku-melh,  fS),  to  gather;  glean. 

Hool-hool,  (C),  a  mouse. 

Howh,  fj),  turn  to;  hurry;  hoi 

How-kwutl,  fC),  inability;  unable. 

Hull el,  to  shake. 

Huloima,  other;  another. 

Humm,  bad  odor. 

Hunl-kih,  (C),  crooked;  knotted; 

curled. 
Huyhuy,  exchange ;  bargain. 
Hwah,  (j),  surprise;  admiration; 

"earnestness. 


Hyak,  swift;  fast;  hurry i 
Hyas,  great;  very. • 
Hyiu,  much. 

Hy-kwa,  (IJ),  shell  money, 
large  dentalium. 


Ik-ik,  (C),  fish  hook. 

Ikpooie,  to  shut. 

Ikt,  one;  once. 

Iktah,  what. 

Iktas,  things. 

Illahee,  land  flllahe)  P.O. 

Inapoo,  louse. 

Ipsoot,  to  hide.   flpsut) 

U.S.  Geographic  Board. 
Isick,  a  paddle. 
Iskum,  to  take;  receive. 
.It-lan,  (C),  a  fathom. 
Itlokun,  the  game  of  "hand." 
Itlwillie,  flesh. 
Itswoot,  a  bear. 


K 


Kah,  where;  whence,  whither. 
Kah-de-na  (C),  to  fight. 
Kah-kah,  (J),  a  crow. 
Kahkwa,  like;  similar  to, 
Kah-na-way,  (C),  acorns. 
Zahp-ho,  (C),  an  elder  brother, 

sister,  or  cousin. 
Kahta,  how;  v/hy ;  what. 
Kalakala,  a  bird. 
Kal-ak-a-lah-raa,  (C),  a  goose. 
Kal-a-kwah-tie,  (C),  inner  bark 

of  the  cedar;  woman's 

petticoat  of  bark, 
Kalitan,  arrow;  shot-  (Kaleetan) 

U.S.  Geographic  Board. 
Zamas,  scilla  esculenta,  8  plant 

(Camas)  P.O. 
Kamooks,  a  dog. 
Ka-wo-suk,  (C),  beads. 
Ka-wak,  (3),  to  fly. 
Kapswalle,  to  steal.       '  ' 
Katsuk,  middle. 
Zaupy,  coffee. 


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Keekvvulee,    low;   "below. 

Keep-wot,  (C),  needle;  pine; 
thorn,  sting  of  an 
insect. 

Xeh-loke,    or  Kaloire,    (c),    a 
swan. 

Keh-see,    (0),    an  apron. 

Keh-wa,     (? ) ,    because. 

Kes-chl,    (C  ) ,    not\/ithgtandints; 
although. 

2Cet-ling,    (E),    kettle;    can: 
basin. 

Kilapi,    to  turn;    retui-n;   upset. 

Kil-it-sut,    (C),    flint,    bottle, 
glass. 

Kimta,    behind;    after. 

Kinni-kinnik,    sraoking  weed 
(mixture  ) . 

Ki-nootl,  (C),  tobacco,  smoking. 

Kishkish,    to  drive. 

Kiuatan,    a  horse. 

Hiwa,     (■.•asco),    crooked. 

Xi-yah,    (3),    entrails. 

in.ah,    free;   clear;    in  sight. 

Klahanie,    out   of  doors;    out. 

Klahowya,  the  coraraon  saluta- 
tion. 

Klahowyum,    poor;    wretched. 

Klanwa,    slow;    slowly, 

iflLak,    off;    out;    away. 

Xlaksta,  who?  what  one? 

Klak-wun,  fb ) ,  to  wipe  or  lick. 

Klale,  black. 

Klapite,  (C),  thread;  twine. 

-Klaska,  they;  their;  them, 

IQatawa,  to  go. 

laa-whop,  (C),  a  hole. 

IQem-a-hun,  (3),    zo   stab,  -/ound,. 
spear. 

Klik-a-muks,  (C),    blackberrie.s . 

iQik-wal-lie,  {(; ) ,  brass  wire; 
brass  armlet. 

iClilt,    or  IQile,    (c) ,    sour. 

bitter. 

IQiminawhit,    a  lie, 

Klimmin,    soft;    fine. 

Xlip,    deep. 

Xlisk.viss,    mat. 

Kloh-kloh,    (C),    oysters,      riee 
chetlo, 

Xlonas,  perhaps. 

xQone,    three. 

Klook,    (::),    crooked. 

Xloshe,    good. 


KLoshe-s,^ose,    shall   or  nay  I. 

ELootchman,    woman;   female. 

iio,    to  reach;    arrive   at. 

^o-ko,    (J),    to  knock. 

Ko-ko-stick,    (j),    (knock-tree), 
woodpecker. 

Kokshut,    to   break;   broken. 

Aon\way,    all;    every,    (Conway)   P.O. 

Xopa,  to;  in;  at;  etc. 

Kopet,  to  stop;  leave  off. 

Koosah,  (C),  sky. 

Ko\7,    to  tie;   fasten. 

Kull,    hard. 

Kullaghan,    a  fence. 

Kiuntuks,    to   know. 

Kunamokst,    both. 

Kim  J  ih,    how  many. 

Kush-is,    (>),    stockings. 

Kwahne  sum ,    al  ways . 

Kwah-nice,    or  ICwad-dis,     (lO-ik- 
itat ) .whale. 

Kvmhtah,    a  quarter, 

Xwaist,    nine. 
. Xwa-lal-k'.va-lal,    (c),    to  gallop. 

ICwal 'h,    (.,),    an  aunt. 

Kwann,    glad. 

Kwass,    afraid. 

Kwates,    (j),    sour;   bitter;    not 
pleased. 

ilweh-lrv7eh,    (j),    a  mallard  duck. 

ICwek-wi-ens,    (j),    a  pin, 

Ilweo-kr.veo,    (>. ),    a  ring;    a  circle. 

Zwetlh,    (..■ ) ,    ]  roud. 

iCwinnum,    five. 

ICwish,    (?),    exclaiaation  of 
refusal. 

:iwit-shad-ie,    (o),    hare;    rabbit. 

ivwolan,    the   ear. 

K\mlh,    or   X.mlt'h,     (C).    to  hit, 

strike,  or 
wound,  (without 
cutting) . 

Xwunnum,  (.j),  counting,  nximbers. 

Xwutl,  (0),  literally, ■ fast;  to 
push  or  squeeze. 


La-bleed,  (  "' ) ,  a^^ridle. 
la  boos,  or  La  push,  mouth. 
La-boo-ti,  (/),  bottle, 
ta-ca-lat,  (F),  carrot. 
La  caset,  a  box. 
La  cloa,  a  cross. 
Lagh,  (C),  to  tip;  to  lean;  to 
3t03,  •  to  bend  ever. 


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La  erome,    pitch,    gum. 

La-gwin,  f  ?  ) ,  a  3a.\7. 

La  hash,  an  a::e. 

LahlD,  the  arbutus  uva  ui^si, 

Lakit,  or  Lokit,  four 

La-kles,     (j),    fat;    oil;    grease. 

La-lah,    (C),    to   cheat;    trick;    Joke  lo-lo-ha,    (.),    rihboa. 


Le    Jauh,    the   ri  evil 
Le  kleh,    key. 
, Le-kloo,    (j"),    nail;  nails, 

Le-^koT,    (j),    neck. 
L3-k/3,     (?),    spot;    s-"-  .ted 
a  -niebald  hr'  -.e. 


with. 
La  lahm,    an  oar. 
La  lang,    the   tongue. 
La-leem,    (i^),    a  file. 
Laly,    time. 

La  messe,    ceremony   of  the  mass 
la  metsin,    medicine. 


Lammieh,    or  Lummieh,    an  old  woman.  le  '^  ee 


le-loo,    (..'),    wolf. 

Le  mah,    hand. 

L©-na...- to ,     ( J  ) ,    harauer 

Le  Del,    raule. 

L^  molo,     Tild 

Le  moo'co,    she?p. 

Le-]ian,     (    ) ,    bread , 


La  monti,    a  mountain. 

La  peep,    a  tobacco  pipe. 

La-pehsh,    (3'),    a  pole. 

La  pellah,  roasted. 

La-pelle,  (J),    a  shovel  or  spade. 

La-pe-osh,  (^'),    a  mattock  or  hoe. 

La-piege,  UO,  a  trap. 

La  plash,  board. 

La-po-el,  (?),  a  frying  pan,  (a 

stove,    -  Hale) . 
La  pome,    apple. 
La-pool,    (Fv,    fowl;   poultry. 
La-poo-shet,     i^^),    fork. 
La  pote,    door. 
La-shal-lco,    (^),    plough. 
La-shan-del,    (?),    a  candle. 
La-shase,    f?),    chair. 
La-shen,    (?),    a  chain. 
Las-siet,     fi'),    a  plate. 
La-sv7ay,    (i^),    silk,    ailken. 
La-tahb,    (?),    table. 
La  tet,    the  head. 
La-tlah,     (p),    noise. 
La  wen,    oats. 

La-west,    (J"),    waist-coat,    vest, 
Le-bah-do,    or  La-ba-da,     (.'),    a 

shingle. 
Le  bal,  ball. 

Le  bis-kwie,  (r^),    biscuit,  crack- 
era,  hard  bread. 
Le-blau,  (i^),    a  sorrel  horse, 

chestnut  colored. 
Le-clem,  (.^'),  cream-colored. 
Le-cock,  (S')y    a  cock,  a  fowl. 
lG-d03j,  (F),    finger. 
Le-gley,  f^^  L  U) ,    a  gray  horse. 


Le- 


10  Jt , 
-e-iao, 


saddle-blanket  or 
housing.   (:Dee 
note  under  TatoosI'., 
main  vocabulary. ) 

Le  plet ,  ;  r  iest . 

Le-]'v;au,  (,),  :eas. 

Le  sa  :,  bag. 


le-sa- 


f-'), 


'S. 


an  eld- 


Le-see-blo,  f^""),  spurs. 
Le-see-zo,  (i"),  scissors 
Le-sook,  (?),  sugar. 
Le-vah,  (  ),  the  teeth. 
Lo  /uet,  a  whip. 
Li::-pu-hu,  f?),  a  sister, 

er  sister. 
Li.  lip,  to  boil. 
Loio,  to  cfc^rry. 
Lowullo,  rounci. 
Lu;v-ut-chee,  (?J'),  clams. 
Lum,  rum;  whiskey. 


I lahko ok,  to  buy .' 
I.Iah-lie,  fj),  to  forget. 
llahsh,  to  sell;  to  leave. 
ITahsie,  thanl^s. 
Hahtlinnie,  off  shore. 
Mahtwillio,  in  shoro. 
i:a-lah,  (C),  tin  v/are,  earthen- 
ware, dis'nes, 
Mel-a-kwa,  (  ),  a  mosquito. 
Nelass,  molasses. 
Memaloost,  to  die;  dead. 

(memaloose)  U.3.G.B. 
Mesaohie,  bad. 
IJesika,  you;  your;  yours. 


-4- 


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<.  1 


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Mika,    thou;    thy;    thine. 
Mimie,    down  stream. 
Mist-chi-mas,     (?),    slave. 
Mit-ass,    leggings. 
Mitlite,    to  sit;    rerafiin;    to  be; 

hayo . 
Mitwhit,  to  stand. 
Mokst,  two. 
Moola,  a  mill. 
Moolack,  an  elk. 
Moosmoos,  buffalo,  cattls. 
Moosum,  to  sleep,  sleep. 
Mowitsh,  a  deer  (llowich) 

U.S.G.B. 
Muckamuck,  food;  to  eat. 

N 

Wa,  the  interrogative  particle. 

Kaha,  a  mother. 

Nah,  interj.,  look  here! 

Nanich,  to  see;  look. 

IJau-its,  (6),    off  shore;  on  the 
stream.  -  Kale.-  'x"'lie 
seabeach.  -  Anderson. 

Nawitka,  yes;  certainly. 

Hem,  a  name. 

Ke-nara-ooks,  fC),  the  land  otter 

Kesika,  we;  us;  our. 

He.vhah,  here;  come  here. 

Kika,  I;  me ;  my;  mine. 


Okoke,    this;    that;    it. 

Olallie,    berries    fOlallie)   U.a.a.B 

(Olalla)   P.O. 
0-la-pits-ki,    (C),    fire. 
Oleraan,    Old  man;    old. 
01-hy-iu,    fC),    a  seal. 
01 0,   hungry. 
0-1  uk,    (;5) ,    a  snake. 
0-na,    (0),    razor  fish  or   solen; 

clams. 
Ooakut,    or    /ayhut,    road;   way. 
Oos-kan,    (C),    a  cup;    a  bowl. 
0-pe-kwan,    fo),    basket;    can; 

tin  kettle. 
0-pitl-kegh,  fC),  bo\7. 
0-pit-sah,    (0),    2-a-iife,    raaor, 

sword. 
Opoots,    tail. 
Ote-lagh,    fc),    the   sun. 
Ow,    younger  brotlier . 


?ahtl|    full. 

Pasese,  blanket;  woolen  cloth. 
Pasiooks,  French;  a  frenchman. 
Pchih,    or  pit-chih    (?),    thin, 

as   of  a  board, 
Pe ,    and ;    but , 
Pe-chugh,    (C),    green. 
;pehpah,    paper. 
Pelton,    a  fool;    insane. 
Peshak,    bad. 
Pe-what-tie,    (C),    thin,    slignt, 

flamsy. 
piah,    fire. 
?il,    red. 
Pilpil,    blood, 
pish,    fish. 

Pit-lilh,    (?),    thick,    as  molas- 
ses. 
Piupiu,    to  stink. 
Poh,    to   blow;    a  puff  of  breath. 
Poiaklie,    night. 
Polallie,    gunpov/der;    sand 
Poo,    the    sound   of  a  gun. 
Poo-lie,     f?),    rotten. 
Potlatch,    a  gift;    to  give, 
pow-itsh,    (C),    crab-apple, 
pukpuk,    a  blow  with  the   fist, 
Pusspuss,    cut. 


isaPrhalie,    above;   up. 

bakoleks,    trousers. 

Sallal,    the   sallal  berry. 

San-de-lie,    (?),    roan  colored, 
a  roan  horse,    ash 
colored.    -  Anderson. 

Sapolill,    wheat;    flour. 

aeahost,    face;    eyes. 

ieshpo,    hat. 

Shantie,    to  sing. 

She-lok-um,    (c),   lo -king  Tlass; 
glass. 

ahugh,    (C ) ,    a  rattle. 

ohugh-opoots,    (u),    a  rattle 
snake . 

rfhut,    (E),    a  shirt. 

3hwah-kuk,    (3),    a  frog. 

3iah,  far. 

Jiam,  the  grizzly  bear. 

Sikhs,  a  friend  (Tillicum)  com- 
mon usage. 


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Sinamokst,  seven. 

Siskiyou,  a  "bob-tailed  horse. 

Si-pah,  (V/asco),  straight,  like 

a  ramrod, 
. SitkuiTi,    half;   pert. 
3it-lay,    f?),    stirrups. 
Sit-shum,    (d),    to   swim. 
Siwash,    Indian. 
Sk'^  ■•-•  kion ,    s  t r 0  ng . 
Skwak-wal,    (b),    a  lamprey   .^el. 
Skwis-kwis,    (C),    a  squirrel. 
Slahal,    H  game;    to   gamble. 
Smet-ocks,    (-i),    the   large   olam. 
Snass,    rain. 

So-le-mie,  (C),  tho  cranberry. 
Solleks,  angry;  angoi'. 
Sopena,  to  jurv). 
3po-oh,  (C),  faded;  any  light 

color, 
bpose,  suppose;  if. 
Stoh,  loose;  to  untie. 
Stotekin,  eight. 
Stutchun,  sturgeon, 
3uk-wal-al,  (C),  a  gun  or  musket, 


Taghum,  six. 

Tahlkie,  yesterday. 

Tah-nim,    (3),  -to  measure. 

Tahtlurri,    ten. 

Talapus,    coyote;   prairie  wolf. 

Tamahnous,    magic;    the   spirits. 

Tamolitsh,  barrel;  tub. 

Tanse,  dance. 

Tatoosh,  milk;  breast. 

Teahwit,  leg;  foot. 

Teh-teh,  fC),  to  trot,  as  a  horse 

Tenas,  smull j  few;  little. 

Te-peh,  fC),  quill;  wing. 

Tikegh,    to  want;   to  love. 

■Jiktik,    a  v/atch, 

Tilikura,    peojle;   relations. 

(rillicum)    common  usage. 
Til-i-kum-ma-ma,    (C),    a  father. 
Till,    tired;   heavy. 
Tint in,    bell;    o'clock. 
T'kope,    white, 
Tl'kope,    to  cut, 
Toh,    spitting. 
Toke-tio,    (llalapuya),   T>rotty, 

(l^okatoo)   U.b.C.B. 
Tolo,    to  earn;   gain. 
To-luks,    fClallam),    the  mussel 


2ot,  (3),  uncle, 

To-to,  (onoma,  C),  to  shake, 
sift,  winnow, 

Totoosh,  see  tatoosh. 

Towagh,  bright,  shining. 

Tsee,  sweet. 

Tseopie,    to  mistake. 

Tshi-ke,     (?),    directly,    soon, 

7shis,     (0),    cold. 

Tsiatko,  a  noc-turnal  demon. 

Tsikbsik,  see  chik  chik. 

Tsish,  f onoma),  in  imitation  of 
the  sound  of  a  grind- 
stone. 

Tsole-pat,    (Klickitat),    a  shot- 
pouoh. 

Tso-lo,    fZalapviya),    to  v/ander; 
to   lose   the  v/ay. 

Tsugh,  a  crack  or  split. 

Tukamonuk,  hundred. 

Tuk-wil-la,  (Kalapuya),  nuts; 
the  hazel  nut. 
(Tukwilla)  P.O. 

Tumtum,  the  heart;  will;  mind. 

2umwata,  water  fall.  (Tumwater) 
P.O. 

2upsshin,  needle. 

Supso,  grass. 

'2yee,  chief, 

"^z-am,    spots;  writing. 


11 
Tagh,  to  pour  out;  to  vomit, 

,/ake,  no;  not. 

'7a-ki,  (0),  tomorrow. 

/apatoo,  potato,  (','apato)  P.O.. 

7awa,  to  talk, 

,7ayhut,  se(5  ooalnit, 

V/eght,  again;  also;  more, 

■.'him,  ("asco),  to  fell;  to  throw 

in  wrestling. 

■/inaple,    soon;   presently., 


Yah-hul,  (C),  a^name. 

Yahka,  he;  she;  it;  his;  etc. 

Yah-kis-ilt'h, (C), sharp,  cutting. 

Yahwa ,  th  e  re ;  t  he  nc  e . 

Yakso,  hair. 

Ykwahtin,  entrails, 

Yiem,  a  story;  to  relate. 

Youtl,  proud;  pleased, 

Youtlimt,  long, 

Youtskut,  short, 

Yukwa,  here. 


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or 


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•  '■s  X  »  ■  ,  .     ii: 


.'..■V      , 


Note:   The  lotters  (G),  fS),  (?),  (N).  and  (S)  refer 
to  the  derivation  of  \7ords,  and  signify  Chinook,  "English,  French, 
IJootlca,  and  Salish.   'Vords  markod  (J)  or  fonoma)  are  considered 
to  be  the  peculiar  property  of  the  Jargon,  as  having  been  foraed 
either  in  imitation  of  sounds  or  by  some  casual  invention,   (Gibbs, 
Hale,  Ohalnberlain,  Boas,  ahaw,  ii.nderson,  Pandosy,  Cook,  Jewitt, 
[Tolmie,  Dav/scn,  lit.  Onge,  dcouler,  Jelia  ^  /alker,  Gard,  -  author- 
ities: ) 

November,  1922.  (Above  briefed  by  A.  H.  Hodgson,  for- 

est Service,  from  Shaw's  "The  Chinook 
Jargon  and  How  lo  Use  It.") 


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5     14  3.'^- 


